Effect of high intensity exercise in reducing the blood pressure in mild to moderate hypertensive patient

INTRODUCTION: There is no natural dividing line between high and normal blood pressure as it is a continuous variable. The definition of hypertension, therefore using any specific cut off point is arbitrary. There have been multiple proposed cut off points for the definition of high blood pressure. WHO in its Expert Committee report (1978) has arbitrarily defined hypertension in adults as “a systolic pressure equal to or greater than 160 mm Hg/or a diastolic pressure equal to or greater than 95 mm. An important revelation in epidemiological hypertension research is that hypertension usually occurs in conjunction with other metabolically linked risk factors. The other risk factors that tend to accompany hypertension include glucose intolerance, obesity, left ventricular hypertrophy and dyslipidemia (elevated total LDL and small dense LDL cholesterol level, raised triglyceride, and reduced HDL cholesterol levels). Clusters of three or more of these additional risk factors occur at four times the rate expected by chance. This clustering is attributed to an insulin resistance syndrome promoted by abdominal obesity. Therefore hypertensive patients can more appropriately be targeted for therapy for risk factor clusters rather hypertension alone. It needs to be emphasized that the risks of cardiovascular disorders are proportional to the levels of BP for any age or either sex. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the high intensity aerobic exercise on blood pressure during cycle ergo meter, previous many study demonstrate that mild to moderate intensity is having good result of bringing post exercise hypotension for mild to moderate hypertension patient. METHODOLOGY: POPULATION: All the patients who fulfilled the selection criteria were taken as the population for the study. SAMPLE SIZE: Twenty samples from the population were selected using simple random sampling method. RESEARCH DESIGN: The study was quasi experimental in nature. Pre test and post test scores were recorded for, Ambulatory blood pressure monitor and analysed. CRITERIA FOR SELECTION: Inclusion criteria: 1. Subjects with age group of 25-45 years, 2. Male subjects only, 3. Sedentary life style no participation in a regular exercise programme or intentional activities beyond normal daily habits, within the previous 12 months, 4. All the patients were in clinically stable and have undergone medical examination excluding cardiovascular, hormonal and orthopaedic pathologies, 5. Basal physiological characteristics of participants Weight (kg) 82.4+-13.9, Body Mass Index (kg•m-2) 24.24 (1.73), Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) 129.6+-19.4, Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) 69.0+-10.2. Exclusion criteria: 1. Other age group, 2. Known cardiac, pulmonary, neurological or hormonal problems, 3. Smokers, 4. Alcoholic within 12 months. RESULTS: The data was subjected to analysis and the following results were obtained. By analysing the graph one and two there was a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure between pre and post group so there is an exercise induced hypotension is evident by calculating the averages of systolic blood pressure of per test and post test result it is using ‘t’ test two sample affirming equal variance of the ‘t’ calculated value (2.1009) is smaller than 't' statistical value (4.6151). When calculating the diastolic blood pressure value the 't' calculated value (2.1009) is with in ‘t’ statistical value (4.1583) so there is a significant changes between systolic and diastolic blood pressers of pre and post test results. so we can reject the null hypothesis, There is a main reduction of systolic blood pressure 8.309 mm hg between pre and post test and there is a reduction of diastolic blood pressure of 6.44mm hg following high intensity exercise. High intensity exercise in cycle ergo meter shows reduced post exercise Blood Pressure responses of mild to moderate hypertensive patient. There was a changes in Blood Pressure followed by High intensity exercise in cycle ergo meter on each day. So we can use high intensity exercise as an adjunct treatment to reduce the blood pressure in mild to moderate hypertension response. CONCLUSION: In fact, when sedentary people monitor their physical exercise intensity with predetermined Heart Rate could elicit undesired physiological responses and may end with up fatal incidence. When a sedentary person under going high intensity workout exercises on cycle ergonometer, without a specific stress test to provide the maximal HR and monitor the blood pressure response it would be safer and healthier to monitor him/her according to the RPE scale, assigning a task of working at an exercise intensity lower than 12, instead of using the indirectly determined HR method

The Influence of high pressure on the bending rigidity of model membranes

Curvature is a fundamental lipid membrane property that influences many membrane-mediated biological processes and dynamic soft materials. One of the key parameters that determines the energetics of curvature change is the membrane bending rigidity. Understanding the intrinsic effect of pressure on membrane bending is critical to understanding the adaptation and structural behavior of biomembranes in deep-sea organisms as well as soft material processing. However, it has not previously been possible to measure the influence of high hydrostatic pressure on membrane bending energetics, and this bottleneck has primarily been due to a lack of technology platforms for performing such measurements. We have developed a new high-pressure microscopy cell which, combined with vesicle fluctuation analysis, has allowed us to make the first measurements of membrane bending rigidity as a function of pressure. Our results show a significant increase in bending rigidity at pressures up to 40 MPa. Above 40 MPa, the membrane mechanics become more complex. Corresponding small and wide-angle X-ray diffraction shows an increase in density and thickness of the bilayer with increasing pressure which correlates with the micromechanical measurements. These results are consistent with recent theoretical predictions of the bending rigidity as a function of hydrocarbon chain density. This technology has the potential to transform our quantitative understanding of the role of pressure in soft material processing, the structural behavior of biomembranes, and the adaptation mechanisms employed by deep-sea organisms

Preventive effect of Shemamruthaa - an indigenous herbal formulation against 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene induced breast cancer in female Sprague Dawley rats

Background: Cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018. The major type of cancer among females is breast cancer, accounting for 24.2% of the total cancer cases. In the last decades, phytochemicals have attracted a growing attention as anti-cancer agents and the study of herbal formulations from traditional medicine represents a challenging research field.Objectives: Shemamruthaa (SM), an indigenous herbal formulation constituting petals of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and fruits of Emblica officinalis and honey was evaluated for anticancer property.Methods: Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (8-week-old) were used for the study and were divided into 4 groups. Group I, normal control animals received a single oral dose of olive oil (1 ml) at the age of eight weeks (Control); Group II animals induced for mammary carcinoma with a single oral dose of 25 mg of 7, 12- dimethylbenz (a) anthracene DMBA dissolved in one ml of olive oil after overnight fasting. Group III mammary carcinoma was induced as in Group II, in addition, after three months;animals were treated with SM at the dose of 400 mg/ kg body weight/day by gastric intubation (DMBA+ SM treated). Group IV Animals received 400 mg/kg body weight of SM alone and served as SM control. The experimental design was performed in accordance with the current ethical norms approved by the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), and Institutional Animal Ethics Committee Guidelines (IAEC. No. 01/030/2011). The tumour markers and the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes/anti-apoptotic genes were examined by RT-PCR analysis in mammary tissues of control and experimental animals.Results: Results of the study revealed that SM treatment significantly (p< 0.05) abridged the levels of tumour markers viz. carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and breast cancer specific marker (CA-15-3) when compared to DMBA-induced rats. SM treatment significantly induced mRNA levels of p53 and Bax. Meanwhile, the cell proliferative (PCNA) and anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2 were down-regulated by SM treatment.Conclusion: The expression pattern of breast cancer markers and apoptotic signaling molecules analyzed in the present study signifies the therapeutic efficacy of SM against breast cancer.Acknowledgments: Food Testing Laboratory, Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Tanjavur 613005, Tamil Nadu, India, for providing Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry and HPLC facilities

Awareness of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reactions among second professional MBBS students of a medical college in Kerala, India

Background: Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADR). The major challenge faced by the pharmacovigilance programme of India is underreporting. It is mainly due to lack of awareness, knowledge, attitude and practice among health care professionals. The main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of second professional MBBS students towards ADR reporting and to provide a session on pharmacovigilance as an intervention to increase their awareness since they are the future budding doctors.Methods: This questionnaire based study was conducted among 158 second professional MBBS students of Travancore Medical College, Kollam, Kerala. A pretest was conducted using the questionnaire followed by which a two-hours session on ADR reporting and Pharmacovigilance was given. A posttest was done with the same questionnaire. The response of the KAP questionnaire were analysed separately for pretest and posttest in percentages and based on scores and was compared.Results: Out of the158 students participated all the students successfully completed the questions of both pretest and posttest within stipulated time frame. In pretest 3 (1.9%), 101 (64%), 43 (27.1%) candidates were categorized to excellent, good and poor respectively. In posttest 155 (98.1%), 3 (1.9%) were in excellent and good category respectively. There was not even a single candidate in poor category. There was a marked increase in the knowledge and awareness of the students after the two hours intervention session on ADR reporting and pharmacovigilance which was statistically significant (p= 0.001).Conclusions: This study revealed the awareness of second professional MBBS students towards ADR reporting and Pharmacovigilance in our institution and also clearly showed the importance of early sensitization through educational interventions, which improved the KAP in pharmacovigilance in them. Educating medical students will improve the challenge of underreporting of ADRs and will increase the numbers of ADRs reported in our country

OXYCAROTENOID LUTEIN REVERSES THE TOXICITY INDUCED BY CARBOFURAN IN WISTAR RATS

Objective: Elucidation of the protective effect of lutein against carbofuran induced toxicity in Wistar rats.Methods: Male Wistar rats were assigned into 5 groups of five animals. Group I normal received sunflower oil, Group 2 received carbofuran (5 mg/kg b. w.) alone. Group 3-5 received carbofuran plus lutein (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) respectively. Carbofuran and lutein administration were continued for 14 d. Neurobehavioural markers such as rotarod, grip strength test and pain threshold tests were carried out. After sacrifice, tissues were analysed for marker enzymes, antioxidant enzymes as well as oxidative stress markers.Results: Low dose of carbofuran was found to produce neurobehavioral problems as seen from the decreased retention time during rotarod test, endurance capacity in grip strength test and increased endurance capacity in pain threshold test. They were found to be significantly reversed by oral lutein administration. Administration of lutein restored the decreased acetylcholinesterase produced by carbofuran. Serum and tissue marker enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, which were increased by carbofuran were decreased by lutein administration. Lutein administration also reduced oxidative stress parameters which were increased by carbofuran.Conclusion: The results showed that carbofuran induced toxicity in male Wistar rats was reversed by carotenoid lutein

An analysis of the pattern and profile of adverse drug reactions reported at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kerala, India: a retrospective record based observational study

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important concern in modern therapeutics. Due to limitations in identifying ADRs during research phase, organized post marketing studies are essential. However, there are only few recent studies on this subject available in India. Hence this study was done in a tertiary care hospital in South Kerala to evaluate the profile and causality of ADRs.Methods: The details of patients who developed ADRs during the period from October 2016 to November 2017 were collected. Data collection was done using the suspected drug reactions monitoring form by CDSCO used under PvPI and a retrospective observational cross-sectional analysis was done. The profile and causality of ADRs were evaluated.Results: The total number of ADR events reported was 300. 179 ADRs were hypersensitivity reactions (Aronson Type B) and the remaining 121 reactions were Type A reactions. The individual drug class causing majority of the ADRs was antibiotics (36%). Commonest significant dose related ADR was bleeding (7%) caused by combined use of antiplatelets and anticoagulants. The organ system most affected as per SOC classification was skin and appendages (56%). Causality assessment revealed that majority (76%) belonged to “probable” category, whereas 23.6% were of “possible” type.Conclusions: The development of ADRs can significantly affect treatment course – interruption of drug therapy, use of additional drugs and prolonged hospital stay. Employing monitors dedicated to ADR detection and education of prescribers to closely monitor patients can help manage ADRs effectively

A COMPARISON OF LEUPROLIDE ACETATE VERSUS BILATERAL ORCHIECTOMY FOR PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER

ABSTRACTObjective: Prostate cancer is the most common visceral malignancy and leading cause of cancer‑related death in men. Androgen deprivation therapyis the established treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and has different approaches in the reduction of androgen activity including surgicalcastration (bilateral orchiectomy) and medical castration (luteinizing hormone‑releasing hormone agonists/antagonists). Our purpose was to studythe clinical profile, effectiveness, and outcome of South Indian patients with metastatic prostate cancer undergoing treatment with surgical andmedical castration.Methods: A total of 30 surgical and 30 medical castration patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer between (2008 and 2009) were followedup to 5 years. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels at the time of the first diagnosis, post‑treatment nadir PSA levels, time to nadir PSA, timeto hormonal resistance between the study groups were assessed, retrospectively. The Kaplan–Meier method was used with log‑rank test for survivalrate calculations. Gleason score, PSA levels, skeletal‑related events, and sites of metastasis of the study groups were studied.Result: The average survival time after medical castration was 60 months and 42 months for surgical castration. No significant difference could beestablished between the groups. Bone was the most common site of metastasis and radiation was the major skeletal‑related events in medical groups.Conclusion: There were no statistical differences between the groups in terms of treatment modalities in metastatic prostate cancer.Keywords: ??

Distribution of Plesionika semilaevis along the southwest coast of India

The commercial deep-sea caridean shrimp Plesionika martia (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883) has long been recorded from India and constitutes an important part of catches of the deep-sea shrimp fisheries. A recent survey in some deep-sea fishing harbours along the south-west coast of India, however, revealed that all material previously reported as 'P. martia' is actually a misidentification of its closely related species Plesionika semilaevis Spence Bate, 1888

A new record of deep-sea caridean shrimp Heterocarpus chani (Decapoda: Pandalidae) from the southern coast of India

Heterocarpus genus belong to the family Pandalidae (Decapoda, Caridea) which are common in deeper waters. Some species are of commercial value or fishery potential by their large size. They are characterized by rostrum armed with teeth on both margins; carapace with postrostral carina extending nearly to posterior margin and with 1 or more longitudinal lateral carinae; pereopods with 2nd pair distinctly unequal and dissimilar. The species Heterocarpus chani was recorded from various fishing harbours on the south coast (Sakthikulangara Fishing Harbour; Kalamuku Landing centre (Kerala) and the Thoothukudi and Nagapattinam Fisheries Harbours Tamil Nadu) from the deep-sea catches taken at depth of 200 – 350 m

Reliability and Quality Assurance Experience in Launcher Hold and Release System used in GSLV

The launcher hold and release system (LHRS) was successfully used, for the first time, for GSLV-DI mission after thorough test and evaluation, in line with reliability and quality assurance (R&amp;QA) requirements. Various R&amp;QA techniques are applied to make LHRS failure-free. Failure mode effect and criticality analysis (FMECA) was used as a tool for identifying critical failure modes. Single-point failure modes (SPFMs) identified from FMECA are strengthened by design modifications and the same are verified by testing. Testing philosophy is tailored to have more number of tests at the system level. Capability demonstration tests and failure mode simulation tests were carried out during system qualification phase. Acceptance tests are done on the flight hardware at launch pad to demonstrate better confidence on the system. This paper illustrates how R&amp;QA techniques complimented and added value at different stages in the development cycle of LHRS, by means of few case studies. Testing methodologies adopted and problems encountered during the development and qualification phases are described in brief. Various problems surfaced during preparation for flight are also discussed